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1.
Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992) ; 67(2): 207-212, Feb. 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1287823

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Epilepsy is a common disorder that affects the nervous systems of 1% of worldwide population. In epilepsy, one-third of patients are unresponsive to current drug therapies and develop drug-resistant epilepsy. Alterations in ghrelin, nesfatin-1, and irisin levels with epilepsy were reported in previous studies. Vasoactive intestinal peptide is among the most common neuropeptides in the hippocampus, which is the focus of the seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy. However, there is also lack of evidence of whether these four neuropeptide levels are altered with drug resistant temporal lobe epilepsy or not. The aim herein was the evaluation of the serum levels of nesfatin-1, ghrelin, irisin, and Vasoactive intestinal peptide in drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy patients and temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) without drug resistance, and to compare them to healthy controls. METHODS: This cross-sectional study group included 58 temporal lobe epilepsy patients (24 with drug resistant temporal lobe epilepsy and 34 with temporal lobe epilepsy who were not drug-resistant) and 28 healthy subjects. Nesfatin-1, ghrelin, irisin, and Vasoactive intestinal peptide serum levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The serum ghrelin levels of patients with drug resistant temporal lobe epilepsy were seen to have significantly decreased when compared to those of the control group (p<0.05). Serum nesfatin-1, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and irisin levels were seen to have decreased in the drug resistant temporal lobe epilepsy group when compared to those of the control and temporal lobe epilepsy groups; however, the difference was non-significant (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results herein suggested that ghrelin might contribute to the pathophysiology of drug resistant temporal lobe epilepsy. However, further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide , Fibronectins , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/drug therapy , Ghrelin , Nucleobindins , Drug Resistance , Cross-Sectional Studies
2.
Rev. bras. neurol ; 56(4): 31-34, out.-dez. 2020. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1140812

ABSTRACT

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is the most commom form of focal epilepsy in adults. Its clinical features include focal seizure, dysmnestic symptoms ­ such as déjà vu or jamais vu ­ and autonomic or psychic aura. We reported two cases of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with similar clinical features, but with entirely different etiologies. Mesial temporal sclerosis contributes up to 70% of all mesial temporal lobe epilepsy cases and MRI usually shows reduced hippocampal volume and increased signal intensity on T2-weighted imaging. Incomplete hippocampal inversion has uncertain relation with epilepsy and is characterized by an atypical verticalized and medially positioned anatomical pattern of the hippocampus and also a deep collateral sulcus.


A epilepsia do lobo temporal mesial é a forma mais comum de epilepsia focal em adultos. Suas características clínicas incluem crises focais, sintomas dismnésicos - como déjà vu ou jamais vu - e aura autonômica ou psíquica. Relatamos dois casos de pacientes com epilepsia do lobo temporal mesial com manifestações clínicas semelhantes, mas com etiologias completamente diferentes. A esclerose mesial temporal contribui com até 70% de todos os casos de epilepsia do lobo temporal mesial e, geralmente, na ressonância magnética, apresenta atrofia do hipocampo e hipersinal na imagem ponderada em T2. A rotação incompleta do hipocampo possui uma relação incerta com a epilepsia e é caracterizada por alteração da estrutura interna do hipocampo, com um sulco colateral verticalizado e profundo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/diagnosis , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/drug therapy , Seizures , Carbamazepine/administration & dosage , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Cerebrum/anatomy & histology , Hippocampus/abnormalities , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use
3.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 53(4): e9175, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1089352

ABSTRACT

α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors are the predominant mediators of glutamate-induced excitatory neurotransmission. It is widely accepted that AMPA receptors are critical for the generation and spread of epileptic seizure activity. Dysfunction of AMPA receptors as a causal factor in patients with intractable epilepsy results in neurotransmission failure. Brain-specific serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (SAD-B), a serine-threonine kinase specifically expressed in the brain, has been shown to regulate AMPA receptor-mediated neurotransmission through a presynaptic mechanism. In cultured rat hippocampal neurons, the overexpression of SAD-B significantly increases the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). Here, we showed that SAD-B downregulation exerted antiepileptic activity by regulating AMPA receptors in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and in the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced epileptic model. We first used immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry analysis to demonstrate that SAD-B expression was increased in the epileptic rat brain. Subsequently, to explore the function of SAD-B in epilepsy, we used siRNA to knock down SAD-B protein and observed behavior after PTZ-induced seizures. We found that SAD-B downregulation attenuated seizure severity and susceptibility in the PTZ-induced epileptic model. Furthermore, we showed that the antiepileptic effect of SAD-B downregulation on PTZ-induced seizure was abolished by CNQX (an AMPA receptor inhibitor), suggesting that SAD-B modulated epileptic seizure by regulating AMPA receptors in the brain. Taken together, these findings suggest that SAD-B may be a potential and novel therapeutic target to limit epileptic seizures.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Receptors, AMPA/metabolism , Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists/metabolism , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/drug therapy , Pentylenetetrazole , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/chemically induced
4.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 76(9): 575-581, Sept. 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-973950

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Sleepiness and cognitive impairment are common symptoms observed in patients with epilepsy. We investigate whether self-reported sleepiness is associated with cognitive performance in patients with refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HS). Seventy-one consecutive patients with MTLE-HS were evaluated with the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) before neuropsychological evaluation. Their mean SSS scores were compared with controls. Each cognitive test was compared between patients with (SSS ≥ 3) or without sleepiness (SSS < 3). Imbalances were controlled by regression analysis. Patients reported a significantly higher degree of sleepiness than controls (p < 0.0001). After multiple linear regression analysis, only one test (RAVLT total) remained associated with self-reported sleepiness. Conclusion: Self-reported sleepiness was significantly higher in MTLE-HS patients than controls, but did not affect their cognitive performance. If confirmed in other populations, our results may have implications for decision making about sleepiness screening in neuropsychological settings.


RESUMO A sonolência e o comprometimento cognitivo são queixas comuns na epilepsia. Investigamos se a sonolência relatada pelo paciente está associada ao desempenho cognitivo na epilepsia do lobo temporal mesial refratária com esclerose do hipocampo (ELTM-EH). 71 pacientes com ELTM-EH foram avaliados pela Escala de Sonolência de Stanford (ESS) antes da avaliação neuropsicológica. A média na ESS foi comparada com a de controles. Cada teste foi comparado entre os pacientes com sonolência (ESS ≥ 3) ou sem sonolência (ESS <3). Diferenças foram controladas por regressão logística múltipla. Os pacientes relataram uma sonolência maior do que os controles (p <0,0001). Após a regressão, a sonolência relatada pelos pacientes mostrou-se associada a apenas um teste (RAVLT total). Os pacientes com ELTM-EH referem mais sonolência do que os controles, mas esta não foi associada com a cognição. Se confirmado em outras populações, nossos resultados implicarão na tomada de decisão sobre o impacto da sonolência no contexto neuropsicológico.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Cognition/physiology , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/psychology , Self Report , Sleepiness , Neuropsychological Tests , Sclerosis/complications , Case-Control Studies , Demography , Educational Status , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/physiopathology , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/drug therapy , Drug Resistant Epilepsy/physiopathology , Hippocampus/pathology , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use
5.
Acta méd. (Porto Alegre) ; 39(1): 281-292, 2018.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-910840

ABSTRACT

Objetivos: O tratamento inicial de pacientes com epilepsia do lobo temporal é feito com drogas antiepilépticas, porém grande parte destes apresenta epilepsia refratária aos medicamentos e, portanto, devem ser avaliados para cirurgia de ressecção. Para tanto, este artigo fornece informações para avaliação cirúrgica e uma análise do tratamento cirúrgico nestes casos refratários da doença. Métodos: As buscas foram realizadas na base de dados MEDLINE. A estratégia de busca foi desenvolvida utilizando-se os seguintes termos de pesquisa: "temporal lobe epilepsy" AND "epilepsy surgery". Cada termo foi revisado individualmente e sinônimos de cada termo foram combinados. Os critérios de elegibilidade foram estudos realizados em humanos e com texto disponível, publicados em português ou inglês, atualizado. Resultados: De um total de 1330 artigos que foram encontrados na base de dados, 6 artigos foram incluídos nessa revisão, além das referências de livros-texto do tema. Conclusões: Surgical evaluation requires the identification of the early focus of seizures, and if that focus is in an area of the brain that can be removed with a low risk of new neurological deficits. The surgical treatment has been shown to be beneficial, allowing potentially curative ducts in patients who previously would be resistant to pharmacological treatment.


Aims: The initial treatment of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy is made with antiepileptic drugs, but a large part of these presents refractory to drugs and therefore should be evaluated for resection surgery. For both, this article provides information for surgical evaluation and an analysis of surgical treatment in these cases of refractory disease. Methods: The searches were conducted on MEDLINE database. The search strategy was developed using the following search terms: "temporal lobe epilepsy" AND "epilepsy surgery". Each term has been reviewed individually and each term synonyms were combined. The eligibility criteria were studies in humans and with text available, published in Portuguese or English, updated. Results: From 1330 articles found in the database, 6 articles were included in this review, in addition to the references to textbooks. Conclusions: Surgical evaluation requires the identification of the early focus of seizures, and if that focus is in an area of the brain that can be removed with a low risk of new neurological deficits. The surgical treatment has been shown to be beneficial, allowing potentially curative ducts in patients who previously would have been by the failure of chronic drug therapy.


Subject(s)
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/surgery , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/drug therapy
6.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 69(1): 23-26, Feb. 2011. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-598341

ABSTRACT

Epilepsy can affect the quality of life (QOL) of patients. The temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is often refractory to medication, which has an adverse impact on QOL. The surgery can be a form to control the seizures and to improve the QOL of the patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to verify the QOL of children and adolescents with TLE who underwent surgery for epilepsy, comparing QOL before and after surgery and investigating which parameters showed improvement. METHOD: We used semi-structured questionnaire in the pre-and post-surgery in 13 patients. The data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: The analysis showed that there was general improvement in the QOL postoperatively. There was improvement in general health issues, adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs and the relationship with parents. CONCLUSION: When properly indicated, epilepsy surgery improves quality of life of patients with TLE.


Epilepsia pode afetar a qualidade de vida (QV) de pacientes. A epilepsia de lobo temporal (ELT) é frequentemente refratária ao tratamento medicamentoso, o que tem impacto negativo na QV. A cirurgia pode trazer controle das crises e melhorar a QV de pacientes com epilepsia. OBJETIVO: O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar a QV de crianças e adolescentes com ELT que foram submetidos à cirurgia para epilepsia, comparando a QV antes e após a intervenção cirúrgica, verificando quais foram os parâmetros que apresentaram melhora. MÉTODO: Um questionário semi-estruturado foi aplicado durante a avaliação pré e pós cirúrgica em 13 pacientes. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o teste de Wilcoxon. RESULTADOS: A análise mostrou que houve melhora global da QV no pós-operatório. Houve melhora em aspectos gerais da saúde, eventos adversos de drogas antiepilépticas e relacionamento com os pais. CONCLUSÃO: Quando adequadamente indicada, a cirurgia para epilepsia melhora a QV de pacientes com ELT.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/surgery , Quality of Life , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/drug therapy , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/psychology
7.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 67(4): 1007-1012, Dec. 2009. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-536007

ABSTRACT

People with epilepsy have been discouraged from participating in physical activity due to the fear that it will exacerbate seizures. Although the beneficial effect of aerobic exercise in people with epilepsy, little objective evidence regarding the intensity of exercise has been reported. We investigated the effect of incremental physical exercise to exhaustion in people with epilepsy. Seventeen persons with temporal lobe epilepsy and twenty one control healthy subjects participated in this study. Both groups were submitted to echocolordoppler and electrocardiogram at rest and during physical effort. None of patients reported seizures during physical effort or in the recovery period of ergometric test. Both groups presented physiological heart rate and blood pressure responses during the different stages of the ergometric test. Only few patients presented electrocardiography or echocardiography alterations at rest or during effort. In conclusion, this work suggests that physical effort to exhaustion is not a seizure-induced component.


Pessoas com epilepsia têm sido desencorajadas a participar de atividades físicas por medo que o exercício físico possa exacerbar as crises epilépticas. Apesar dos efeitos benéficos do exercício físico aeróbico em pessoas com epilepsia, informações em relação à intensidade do exercício têm sido pouco estudadas. Neste estudo, investigamos o efeito do exercício físico incremental até a exaustão (teste ergométrico) em pessoas com epilepsia. Dezessete pessoas com epilepsia do lobo temporal e vinte e um indivíduos saudáveis (controles) participaram do estudo. Os dois grupos foram submetidos a ecocardiograma e eletrocardiograma em repouso e durante o esforço físico. Nenhum indivíduo com epilepsia apresentou crises durante o esforço físico ou no período de recuperação do teste ergométrico. Ambos os grupos apresentaram respostas fisiológicas da frequência cardíaca e pressão arterial durante os diferentes estágios do teste de esforço. Somente algumas pessoas com epilepsia apresentaram alterações ecocardiográficas e eletrocardiográficas em repouso ou durante o esforço. Em conclusão, este estudo sugere que o esforço físico exaustivo parece não ser um componente indutor de crises epilépticas.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Blood Pressure/physiology , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/physiopathology , Exercise Test/methods , Heart Rate/physiology , Rest/physiology , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Echocardiography , Electrocardiography , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/drug therapy , Young Adult
8.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 61(4): 979-987, Dec. 2003. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-352437

ABSTRACT

A presença de distúrbios do sono e macroestrutura do sono foi avaliada em 39 pacientes com epilepsia do lobo temporal (ELT). Sonolência foi a queixa mais frequente (85 por cento), seguida por despertares noturnos (75 por cento), história de crise epiléptica durante o sono (69 por cento) e dificuldade de iniciar o sono (26 por cento). As parassonias, síndrome de pernas inquietas, apnéia de sono e movimentos periódicos de membros inferiores foram os distúrbios de sono mais frequentes. Principais alterações da arquitetura de sono foram: fragmentação do sono, aumento do número de mudanças de estágios (100 por cento) e do tempo acordado após o início do sono (77 por cento) e redução do sono REM (92 por cento). Houve correlação inversa entre a escala de sonolência de Epworth e o teste de latências múltiplas de sono (p < 0,05). Concluímos que pacientes com ELT apresentam um sono fragmentado, aumento do numero de mudanças de estágios, de despertares noturnos e do tempo acordado após o início do sono com redução do sono REM. Sonolência diurna foi uma das principais queixas dos pacientes com ELT


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/physiopathology , Sleep Wake Disorders/physiopathology , Sleep Stages/physiology , Age Distribution , Anticonvulsants/adverse effects , Circadian Rhythm , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/drug therapy , Linear Models , Polysomnography , Reaction Time , Sex Distribution , Sleep Apnea Syndromes/physiopathology , Sleep Stages/drug effects , Sleep, REM/physiology , Wakefulness
9.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 59(2A): 255-258, June 2001. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-288631

ABSTRACT

The objective of this case report is to describe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence of mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) in a patient with new onset temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and acute neurocysticercosis with multiple cysts. A 56 years old man with new onset headache, Simple Partial Seizures and Complex Partial Seizures underwent CT scan and lumbar puncture as diagnose proceeding. Multiple cysts and meningitis were identified, with a positive immunology for cysticercosis. Seizures were recorded over the left temporal region in a routine EEG. Treatment with albendazole was performed for 21 days, with clinical improvement and seizure remission after 4 months. An MRI scan 11 months after treatment, showed complete resolution of those cystic lesions and a left hippocampal atrophy (HA) with hyperintense T2 signal. The presence of HA and hyperintense T2 signal in this patient has not, to date, been associated with a poor seizure control. CONCLUSIONS: This patient presented with MRI evidence of left MTS after new onset partial seizures of left temporal lobe origin. Although we did not have a previous MRI scan, it is likely that this hippocampal abnormality was due to the acute inflammatory response to cysticercosis associated to repeated partial seizures. This suggests that acute neurocysticercosis associated with repeated seizures may cause MTS and late onset TLE


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/parasitology , Neurocysticercosis/complications , Acute Disease , Albendazole/therapeutic use , Anthelmintics/therapeutic use , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/drug therapy , Follow-Up Studies , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Neurocysticercosis/drug therapy , Sclerosis/drug therapy , Sclerosis/parasitology
10.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 58(1): 178-80, mar. 2000. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-255084

ABSTRACT

Relatamos o caso de uma paciente com epilepsia do lobo temporal e "sensação de orgasmo" como aura epiléptica. Há controvérsia na literatura a respeito da existência do prazer e do êxtase como manifestação de aura epiléptica. Neste caso, ficou evidenciada a presença da aura de prazer, através da investigação clínica, eletrencefalograma e remissão das crises com a terapêutica adotada (fenitoína).


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/physiopathology , Happiness , Orgasm , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Electroencephalography , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/diagnosis , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/drug therapy , Phenobarbital/therapeutic use
11.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 34(3): 281-8, jul.-sept. 1996. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-194450

ABSTRACT

El tumor disembrioplástico neuroepitelial es una lesión muy infrecuente del sistema nervioso central, la cual fue descrita por primera vez en 1988 por Daumas-Duport e incluida en la última clasificación de tumores cerebrales de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Nosotros comunicamos 18 casos consecutivos de DNT, en los que analizamos sus características clínicas y discutimos su diagnóstico diferencial con otras lesiones histológicamente similares asociados a epilepsia fármaco-resistente crónica. La edad media al momento de la operación y al inicio de la epilepsia fueron 27,9 años y 16,9 años respectivamente. Todos los pacientes presentaron epilepsia parcial compleja y sólo un paciente tuvo un leve déficit motor. La localización fue siempre supratentorial, 16 casos temporales y 2 frontales. La resonancia magnética (RM) mostró de regla una lesión quística, usualmente poliquística. Cinco pacientes tuvieron una cirugía previa en otra institución, 3 reacciones subtotales y 2 biopsias. Ningún paciente tuvo el diagnóstico de DNT previo a la segunda cirugía. Las operaciones fueron resecciones del DNT incluyendo el tejido epileptógeno. Un paciente con un DNT frontal localizado en ganglios basales tuvo la resección sub-total. El período de seguimiento varió entre 0.5 y 7 años (media 3,7 años). En nuestro grupo de 14 pacientes, 10 están libres de crisis y 3 presentan una reducción mayor a un 75 por ciento de sus crisis. Ningún paciente ha mostrado evidencia de recurrencia en el seguimiento con RM. La larga historia de epilepsia en nuestra serie indica que el DNT es una lesión que ha permanecido largo tiempo en el encéfalo, con lento o nulo crecimiento. El resultado post-operatorio sugiere que el DNT tiene un execlente pronóstico. Sin embargo, es aún necesario un mayor período de seguimiento, para establecer su real pronóstico en la era de la RM


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Central Nervous System Neoplasms/diagnosis , Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial/diagnosis , Central Nervous System Neoplasms/complications , Central Nervous System Neoplasms/pathology , Central Nervous System Neoplasms/surgery , Diagnosis, Differential , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/complications , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/drug therapy , Ganglioglioma/diagnosis , Hamartoma/diagnosis , Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial/complications , Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial/pathology , Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial/surgery , Postoperative Complications
12.
In. Nitrini, Ricardo; Machado, Luís dos Ramos; Yacubian, Elza Marcia Targas; Rabello, Getúlio Daré. Condutas em neurologia: 1995. Säo Paulo, Clínica Neurológica HC/FMUSP, 1995. p.87-95, ilus.
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-165397
13.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 52(3): 301-8, set. 1994. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-141230

ABSTRACT

Neste estudo controlado, prospectivo e parcialmente cego foram avaliados dois grupos de 10 portadores de epilepsia do lobo temporal, respectivamente de bom e mau prognóstico. Foram definidas medidas de epileptogênese baseadas nas frequências de crises e na qualificaçäo de atividade epileptogênica nas derivaçöes eletrencefalográficas de lobo temporal. Os grupos de estudo foram semelhantes a no mínimo um dos grupos de controle em idade, sexo, nível educacional e social, regime terapêutico, idade de início e tempo de evoluçäo da epilepsia. Houve uma diferença global do grupo de epilepsia do lobo temporal com mau prognóstico das outras populaçöes, atingindo significado estatística em epileptogênese clínica, e uma tendência dos dados sugerindo maior epileptogênese eletrencefalográfia na mesma populaçäo. Os resultados indicam a utilidade experimental de algumas das medidas introduzidas, mas também seus problemas. Revisäo da literatura pertinente é realizada


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Electroencephalography , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/diagnosis , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/drug therapy , Prognosis , Prospective Studies
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